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Cell Phone Cancer
Cell Phone Cancer
Cell phone cancer. Cellular (cell) phones first became widely available in the United States in the 1990s, but their use has increased dramatically since then. According to the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association, there were an estimated 270 million cell phone subscribers in the United States as of December 2008, representing about 87% of the total population.
Based on the large and still growing number of cell phone users (both adults and children), and the fact that cell phones give off radio-frequency (RF) waves, some concerns have been raised about the safety of cell phone use. With respect to cancer, concern focuses on whether cell phones might increase the risk of brain tumors or other tumors in the head and neck area.
How do cell phones work?
Cell phones communicate with nearby cell towers through RF waves, a form of energy located on the electromagnetic spectrum between FM radio waves and microwaves. Like FM radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and heat, they are a form of non-ionizing radiation. They cannot cause cancer by directly damaging DNA. RF waves are different from stronger types of radiation such as x-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet (UV) light, which can break the chemical bonds in DNA.
At very high levels, RF waves can heat up body tissues. (This is the basis for how microwave ovens work.) But the levels of energy given off by cell phones are much lower, and the warmth from a cell phone does not damage body tissues.
How are people exposed?
The RF waves from cell phones come from the antenna, which is part of the body of a hand-held phone. The waves are strongest at the antenna and lose energy as they travel away from the phone. The phone is typically held against the side of the head when in use. The closer the antenna is to the head, the greater a person's expected exposure to RF energy.
Many factors can affect the amount of RF energy to which a person is exposed, including:
* The amount of time the person is on the phone
* The model of phone being used: different phones give off different amounts of energy
* Whether or not the person is using a hands-free device
* The distance and path to the nearest cell phone tower: being farther away from the tower requires more energy to get a good signal, as does being inside a building
* The amount of cell phone traffic in the area at the time
Other factors may also affect exposure. For example, older cell phones (analog models) used more energy than newer, digital phones.
The amount of RF energy absorbed from the phone into the user's local tissues is known as the specific absorption rate (SAR). Different cell phones have different SAR levels. Cell phone makers are required to report the SAR level of their product to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This information is sometimes listed inside the battery compartment on the phone. The upper limit of SAR allowed in the United States is 1.6 watts per kilogram (W/kg) of body weight.
Get Inside Fringe's Fourth Season with New Featurette
In the wake of Fringe's shocking third season finale "The Day We Died," a new featurette sees the cast teasing what to expect from season four.
We're not sure if Joshua Jackson should be all smiles, considering the reality-bending twists Fringe writers will have to come up with to get Peter Bishop back on the show for the fourth season due out this Fall. Not only that, but he'll have to watch his back now that Lincoln Lee (Seth Gabel) has officially been promoted to series regular.
It's been only a few weeks since the shocking events ofFringe's third season finale "The Day We Died," which saw Jackson's Peter Bishop suddenly fading out of existence after using the machine to tear holes between universes and finally bridge the gap in the parallel universe war (isn't this show great?), but already cast and crew are hard at work at plotting out season four.And don't you worry folks, showrunners Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman have assured viewers that Joshua Jackson will indeed return next season. But who might be penning and producing the pages that see Peter's mysterious return? Why, none other than former LOST, Angel and Buffy the Vampire Slayer writer David Fury, according to his twitter!
Fringe fans will see much less of Kirk Acevedo's Charlie Francis however, who despite the universes merging has been cast in NBC's picked up series Prime Suspect, precluding him from appearing in more than three or four episodes.
The latest Fringe featurette also teases some tantalizing possibilities for season four that actors Lance Reddick andJohn Noble point out, both putting for that the Observers will likely take a larger role next season, while the recent alliance between universes could prove handy when Walter and Walternate face a common enemy!
Check out what else the cast had to say below, and scribble on the board your own theories for Fringe's future in the comments below!